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中美法律体系的差异

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ID: 0660 Advanced
你对法律感兴趣吗？你会经常接触到法律方面的知识吗？本课将介绍中美两国在法律体系方面的差异。你可以了解到法官、陪审团、律师在法庭上的作用。还等什么呢？赶快来听一听吧。
Fri Oct 05 2007 | Jenny, 肖霞
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SIMPLIFIED PINYIN ENGLISH  
法官 fǎguān judge
资历 zīlì record of service and qualifications
德高望重 dégāowàngzhòng to have good character and fame
大陆法系 dàlù fǎxì mainland legal system
中国的法官怎么都这么年轻？在美国，法官可都是资历深厚、德高望重的人物。
Zhōngguó de fǎguān zěnme dōu zhème niánqīng ？zài Měiguó ，fǎguān kě dōu shì zīlì shēnhòu 、dégāowàngzhòng de rénwù 。
Why are Chinese judges so young? In America, judges are all very experienced people with great moral authority.
这就跟两个国家的法律体系有关了。中国的法律属于大陆法系，也叫成文法。就是说，所有的法律都是通过法律条文一一写出来的。美国的法律体系就完全不一样了。它属于英美法系，也叫案例法。它是根据法官或者陪审团的决议判定的。这样一来，法官就具有比较大的自主权，能根据每个案件的实际情况来裁定。所以美国的法官一般都需要很深的资历。
zhè jiù gēn liǎng ge guójiā de fǎlǜ tǐxì yǒuguān le 。Zhōngguó de fǎlǜ shǔyú dàlù fǎxì ，yě jiào chéngwénfǎ 。jiùshì shuō ，suǒyǒu de fǎlǜ dōu shì tōngguò fǎlǜ tiáowén yīyī xiě chūlai de 。Měiguó de fǎlǜ tǐxì jiù wánquán bù yīyàng le 。tā shǔyú yīngměi fǎxì ，yě jiào ànlìfǎ 。tā shì gēnjù fǎguān huòzhě péishěntuán de juéyì pàndìng de 。zhèyàng yīlái ，fǎguān jiù jùyǒu bǐjiào dà de zìzhǔquán ，néng gēnjù měige ànjiàn de shíjì qíngkuàng lái cáidìng 。suǒyǐ Měiguó de fǎguān yībān dōu xūyào hěn shēn de zīlì 。
That has to do with the difference between the two countries' legal systems. Chinese law belongs to the mainland legal system. It's also known as ''statute law." It means that all the laws are written out, one by one. The American legal system is completely different. It belongs to the Anglo-American legal system. It's also called precedent law. It's decided according to judges' or juries' judgments. In this way, the judges' power is relatively great. They can rule according to the actual facts of each case. So American judges generally need a lot of experience.
哦，原来是这样。那中国有陪审团吗？
ò ，yuánlái shì zhèyàng 。nà Zhōngguó yǒu péishěntuán ma ？
Oh, so that's how it is. Does China have juries?
中国也有陪审制度，叫人民陪审员。但是，他们的作用和美国的陪审团很不一样。在美国，陪审团的作用是巨大的。他们能决定最后的判决。同时也是维持司法公正的重要保障。在英美法系里，陪审团和法官分工明确。前者负责认定案件事实，后者负责适用法律。如果陪审团裁断无罪，法官当即宣告被告人无罪，当庭释放。如果裁断有罪，法官则会依法量刑。
Zhōngguó yě yǒu péishěn zhìdù ，jiào rénmín péishěnyuán 。dànshì ，tāmen de zuòyòng hé Měiguó de péishěntuán hěn bù yīyàng 。zài Měiguó ，péishěntuán de zuòyòng shì jùdà de 。tāmen néng juédìng zuìhòu de pànjué 。tóngshí yě shì wéichí sīfǎ gōngzhèng de zhòngyào bǎozhàng 。zài yīngměi fǎxì lǐ ，péishěntuán hé fǎguān fēngōng míngquè 。qiánzhě fùzé rèndìng ànjiàn shìshí ，hǒuzhě fùzé shìyòng fǎlǜ 。rúguǒ péishěntuán cáiduàn wúzuì ，fǎguān dāngjí xuāngào bèigàorén wúzuì ，dāngtíng shìfàng 。rúguǒ cáiduàn yǒuzuì ，fǎguān zé huì yīfǎ liàngxíng 。
China also has the jury system. It's called the People's jury. But their role is different from American juries. In America, the jury is really important. They can make the final judgment. And they are an important protection for maintaining the impartiality of the law. In the Anglo-American legal system, juries and judges have a clear division of labor. The former is responsible for confirming the real facts of the case, while the latter is responsible for applying the law. If the jury finds ''not guilty," the judge immediately announces that the defendant is not guilty, and releases him at once. If, on the other hand, they find him ''guilty," the judge sentences him according to the law.
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