phonetic map : 召 zhào
goulnik
October 04, 2008, 07:21 PM posted in General Discussion| zhao | ||
| 昭 zhāo clear, obvious; 昭告 zhāogào to proclaim publicly |
沼 zhǎo (natural) pond 池沼 chízhǎo pond; pool; swamp |
|
| 招 zhāo to recruit; attract; 招聘 zhāopìn recruit for a job |
召 zhào v. call; convene; summon 召开 zhàokāi v. convene; convoke |
照 zhào to shine; reflect; take a picture; take care of 照片 zhàopiàn photograph; picture 照顾 zhàogu to look after; care for |
| chao | ||
| 超 chāo to surpass; overtake/super-; extra- 超过 chāoguò to surpass; exceed 超市 chāoshì supermarket |
||
| shao | ||
| 绍 shào to continue; connect 介绍 jièshào to introduce |
邵 Shào (surname) |
|
| tiao | ||
| 迢 tiáo . 迢远 tiáoyuǎn remote; distant |
龆 tiáo loss of baby teeth 龆龀 tiáochèn to lose milk teeth |
笤 tiáo . 笤把 tiáoba n. long broom |
changye
September 24, 2008, 04:32 AMHi guys,
I’m always confused by these 召-series characters. In short, it’s difficult to memorize pronunciations! So this table is very helpful for me to straighten out them, which I thank goulniky.
From the standpoint of Chinese phonology, those 召-related pronunciations are worth noting. Please look at their historical transition. (The phonetic symbols are only approximations.)
….上古音 > 中古音 > 现代音
召…....dieu > diau > zhao
迢…....dieu > diau > tiao
招…..chieu > chiau > zhao
绍…..zhieu > zhiau > shao
Interestingly enough, the pronunciations of 迢 was the same as that of 召 in ancient times. And other characters also had the similar vowels such as “ieu” and “iau” in the ancient times.
In other words, the vowel “iau, ieu” WAS dominant in 召-series characters, as opposed to modern pronunciations. The medial vowel “i” was dropped because of the consonants “zh, ch, sh”.
And that is the reason there is no sound such as “zhiao”, “chiou” and “shien” in modern Mandarin, and the sound of “i” in “zhi, chi, shi” (e.g. 纸，吃，是) is slightly different from that in, e.g. “di, ti” (地，踢).
henning
September 24, 2008, 05:17 AMchangye,
highly interesting. So 招 was once pronounced like the Italian "ciao"?
henning
September 24, 2008, 05:26 AM龆 is not even rare: In my frequency table 龆 comes at position 5134 and "龆龀" leads to 7360 google hits.
Here is another one for your collection with the same pronounciation and a similar frequency: 笤 (broom). Example: 笤帚 (broom).
goulnik
September 24, 2008, 05:57 AMI added 笤 to the tiáo list, but note that besides frequency, I am also taking into account the number of words that contain a particular character (as per Wenlin/ABC). If there's only one and it's uncommon, I may not actually include it.
changye
September 24, 2008, 06:55 AMHi henning,
You are very right. More precisely speaking, the transition (in "pinyin" approximation) is as follows,
招…..chieo > chiao > zhao
Let me add a supplemental explanation to the last paragraph in my above post. In 注音符号 (bopomofo), "zhi", "chi", and "shi" are simbolized as ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ respectively and are represented by one symbol.
There is a bopomofo symbol "ㄧ" that is equal to the sound of the pinyin "i", but it's not used for "zhi", "chi", "shi" in 注音符号, because of the reason I stated in the last paragraph in my previous comment.
踢 (ti) = ㄊ（t）+ㄧ(i) = ㄊㄧ(注音符号)
纸 (zhi) = ㄓ (zhi)
吃 (chi) = ㄔ （chi）
是 (shi) = ㄕ （shi）
This is one of the reasons why some people say that 注音符号 is phonetically more exact than Hanyu pinyin.
goulnik
September 24, 2008, 07:39 AMchangye, I'm always impresse with your scholarly explanations. my question is, how do we know what the ancient pronunciation of individual characters was? Is this based on analysis of other Chinese dialects, on poetry etc. and checking for correlations, or are these just educated guesses?
changye
September 24, 2008, 01:59 PMHi goulniky,
中古音 (middle Chinese sounds, 5th ～10th century) have been reconstructed by linguists mainly based on Chinese dialects, rhyming in old poems, ancient rhyme books (切韵, 广韵, etc), rhyme tables (韵镜, 七音略 etc), phonetic theories developed in Europe and the pronunciations of 汉字 in neighboring countries, such as Korea, Vietnam and Japan.
中古音 are relatively reliable, although they still vary slightly from scholar to scholar. On the other hand, 上古音 (old Chinese sounds, before 4th century) are rather difficult to precisely reconstruct due to insufficient research materials. They have been reconstructed mainly based on rhyming in 诗经 (Book of Odes), phonetic radicals (声符), and 中古音.
Japanese Kanji have played important role in reconstructing 中古音. Unlike 汉字 in Korea and Vietnam, a Kanji usually has a few readings, and they reflect some ancient Chinese sounds ranging from 5th to 18th (?) century. Thanks to Hiragana and Katakana (phonograms invented in 8-9th century), it’s not so difficult to reconstruct the pronunciations of Kanji.
henning
October 13, 2008, 01:32 PMCSV-list (for the import to Flashcard apps; "@" is delimeter):
介绍@jièshào@to introduce
召@zhào@v. call; convene; summon
召开@zhàokāi@v. convene; convoke
招@zhāo@to recruit; attract;
招聘@zhāopìn@recruit for a job
昭@zhāo@clear, obvious
昭告@zhāogào@to proclaim publicly
池沼@chízhǎo@pond; pool; swamp
沼@zhǎo@(natural) pond
照@zhào@to shine; reflect; take a picture; take care of
照片@zhàopiàn@photograph; picture
照顾@zhàogu@to look after; care for
笤把@tiáoba@n. long broom
绍@shào@to continue; connect
超@chāo@to surpass; overtake/super-; extra-
超市@chāoshì@supermarket
超过@chāoguò@to surpass; exceed
迢远@tiáoyuǎn@remote; distant
邵@Shào@(surname)
龆@tiáo@loss of baby teeth
龆龀@tiáochèn@to lose milk teeth
henning
September 23, 2008, 07:01 PMwow! There is an character for losing milk teeth... Goulnik, I still haven't figured how to read those tables (sorry, Mobile post)